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Writing for IELTS, session1

Word: a meaningful combination of letters.

Phrase: a meaningful combination of words.

Clause: a meaningful combination of words + subject + verb.

Clause:

1-     Independent (meaningful by itself)

2-     Dependent (needs another independent clause to be complete.)

Dependent clauses:

1-     noun clauses

2-     adjective clauses

3-     adverbial clauses

Verbs:

1-     finite verbs

-         16 tenses

2-     non-finite verbs

-         infinitives

-         gerunds

-         past participles

Adjective: used for further definition.

Adjective cannot be used for proper nouns but adjective clauses can be used for proper nouns.

Adjective clauses: Describe and limit nouns.

                              Adjectives come before nouns.

                              Adjective clauses come after the noun.

Adjective clauses:

1-     restrictive adjective clause

2-     non-restrictive (defining) adjective clauses

Only non-restrictive adjective clauses can be used for proper nouns and it is necessary to use two comas around them.

Example:

1-     I saw a man who was old in the garden.

(Here "who was old" is a restrictive adjective clause.)

2-     I saw John, who was old, in the garden.

(Here "who was old" is a non-restrictive adjective clause.)